Electrical v Chemical Part 2

Nobody knows exactly how memory is created in the physical sense. But a recent series of experiments show that short-term memory involves a primary activity in the brain power and long-term memory involves an essentially chemical process and any changes of proteins.

Flood and Jarvik, the researchers reported that drugs that affect the synthesis of proteins, or to move along axons, affects only the long-term memory, while drugs that affect the electrical activity of brain does not seem to affect short-term memory. Other experiments confirm that long-term memory involves chemical changes. Thus, researchers began looking JV McConnell in 1966 showed that RNA (ribonucleic acid) has been involved in learning and learned behavior that can be transferred from one rat to another by changing the RNA from one brain to another.

In 1970, George Ungar Bayer College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, taught the group of rats were afraid of the dark. He then isolated from the brains of a particular protein, and rats injected with the untrained rats, the brain - which immediately showed the same fear of the dark! Later, he played the protein artificially (called the Scotophobin, Greece and Fear Of The Dark), and found that the artificial protein, when injected into normal mice, had the same effect. Even their fear dark.

Since then, other researchers found that when injected into goldfish scotophobine are taught to fear the dark if the chain of specific amino acids of this protein in particular can have a universal meaning.

However, several research teams have identified brain chemicals that discriminate between colors.

Researchers are already working on the computer directly to the brain of the symbiosis (direct integration of the human mind to a computer). It seems that now we have two roads futuristic research: machine learning input (computer / brain link) and the learning of artificial chemical inputs.

There seems to be some parts of the day, where learning is optimal in general later than previously. This may be because the body goes through a complex hormonal and chemical cycles throughout the day, and this cycle could be influential in the production of chemicals that lead to the consolidation of memory traces.

When we talk about memory in the pages ahead, we believe long-term memory.

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Your Incredible Brain part 1

Recent discoveries in the interior

The human brain seems to be too dedicated. It used to be frequently cited statistics, we use only 10% of our potential brain capacity. Other psychologists have learned over the past decade, however, are less likely to be groped dare to quantify the potential of the brain. The only logical conclusion is that part of our potential brain power we use is likely to be closer to 4% compared to 10%. Most of us, then, seems to provide 96% of the intellectual potential to be used. But it is not necessarily so. When we begin to understand how the brain's memory works, how to open a tap, a large untapped potential. The result can be a quantum leap in the speed of learning, enriching every aspect of our lives, and scientists now believe, a measurable increase in intelligence, what is our time. First, let's look at some facts.

Neurons

The average adult human brain consists of about 12,000 and 15 billion nerve cells. (15 billion). It is about three times the size of the population. human nervous system controlled by the brain begins its development until 20 days after fertilization. Five weeks of gestation, brain development begins in earnest, and eight weeks after the first two jets in the brain begins. At this stage, the brain accounts for half of the total length of the fetus (although it is still only a "/ 2 inches long!). This is when the neuroblasts begin to grow. Neuroblasts are embryonic cells, which in turn comes neurons , or nerve cells in the brain. The speed at which neuroblasts are now developing are impressive. They add interest to several thousands per minute.

Nutrition is essential for the formation of brain cells. Of particular importance is the protein enough to supply sufficient quantities of amino acids. Tryptophan is particularly important in the biochemistry of the brain and breast milk has twice this amino acid than milk from cows. In societies where mothers are malnourished, children can have a maximum of 50% fewer neurons than their counterparts in Western children. In addition, part of the brain responsible for coordination of the members may be seriously compromised. Twelve weeks after conception, the fetus now adds the small neurons at a rate of 2,000 seconds. To put this in context, the adult bee brain contains about 7,000 neurons. A bee can perform many sophisticated tasks, including construction and maintenance of a honeycomb, distance calculation, indicating their peers in the direction of pollen sources, and the recognition of a course to the sights and smells.

All with the number of neurons in the human embryo develops in less than 3 seconds. Approximately 20 weeks after conception or 18 weeks before birth, the human embryo, provided that his whole nervous system: 12-15 billion neurons. Although the number of neurons is important, an even more important is the next step of brain development: the thrust of second brain.

About ten weeks before the birth, each neuron starts sending many fine fibers and potential linkages with other neurons. Brain power is largely a function of the number of neurons and the richness of its connections. Since each neuron can make thousands of connections, the potential number of interconnections in the functioning of the brain in the billions. The essential point to remember is that only a fraction of these connections are made automatically.

Most are made with the brain. The more you stimulate the brain, richer connections and practice mental capacity. Many of the interconnections are basic data before the age of five years! The human head will grow in physical size than four times after birth. The limit of the evolution of the size of the baby's head at birth was determined by the size of the birth canal of themother. In less than five years, the skull is 90% of its adult size. adult size, in fact, reached almost a decade. The brain weighs about 3 pounds now.

It is about 2% of the body but the brain needs 20% of the oxygen supply. Oxygen is vital for the brain, as if human beings are limited in oxygen consumption, the offer will be automatically reduced to every other body parts before delivery to the brain decreases. Unsurprisingly, the oxygen is equally important before the birth. The fetus of a woman who smokes gets less oxygen and results in subsequent reading of these children is generally lower than for non-smoking mothers.

brain development, nutrition is equally important in the early years after birth, because it is before birth, because malnutrition is not only reduces the neurons, but also the number of connections between nerve cells. In rats, it was discovered that the connection neuron can be reduced by 40% simply by poor nutrition. The reason, incidentally, because the long-suffering rat has been studied so hard that his nervous system is very similar to that of man. Some readers will no doubt make other behavioral similarities.

We have seen how the number of neurons in the brain is fixed before birth. Unlike the body's cells, brain cells usually do not renew. Even if they die at a rate of several thousand per day, for the loss of life would be trivial and very unlikely to influence the spiritual practice.

In a much more important is the fact that the number of connections between neurons are continuously developing, which would more than compensate. In reality, it would argue for an improvement in mental capacity with age - and as we shall see if improvement is expected that this is the result.

So far we have spoken of "neurons". This gives a misleading picture of simplicity. Neuron is made up of the cell body (gray matter), which leads to the main fiber called Axon. Axon includes fatty coating called myelin, and you can choose another neuron cell, or a branch-like fibers called dendrites. Axons and dendrites are the white matter of the brain.

For simplicity, the axon transmits electrical impulses that make the functioning of the brain, the dendrites receive them. Paste the brain all together, food, are glial cells (glial cells from the Greek for "glue"). If you were a little surprised by the number of people involved in 15 billion brain cells, and were surprised that there are hundreds of dendrites times, you can choose to not even try to understand that there are probably 100 billion glial cells in the human brain. The true spirit in its own complexity boggle!

Intersection where two nerve cells meet, or when meeting dendrite dendrites, called synapses. This is a small hole and the electrical activity of the brain down the axon to the synapses.

A connection is when a number of chemicals are released to fill the gap by synapses. These chemicals are called neurotransmitters allow electrical activity at synapses overflow. The speed of neural transmission of a pulse is about 100 meters per second. Transmission of brain activity when it is not electric, but a natural chemical reaction to a pulse of electrical origin. We now know that up to 30 different types of neurotransmitters. Some are amines, most are amino acids, the building blocks of proteins.

We also know that not only neuro-transmitters to transmit a pulse but are able to alter the way - though not yet know how. When we do, we can begin to unravel the secrets of physical memory and thought. This is a breakthrough comparable to the original crack genetic code of the double helix.

READ MORE - Your Incredible Brain part 1

The Basis Of Memory Part 1

There is no learning without memory. The primitive creature who learns just instinctive reflex behavior by repeated exposure to a particular set of circumstances that memorists Polish who have memorized word for word, all 12 volumes of the Talmud, learning involves memory. But surprisingly, there is still no agreement on how memory works.

This book is about the evolution of an advanced and accelerated learning, not a comprehensive textbook on psychology. However, it is important that you are familiar with the latest findings on the memory of clinical psychology.

More than a memory

Most psychologists agree that there are at least two memories: the short-term memory and long-term memory. The short-term memory, as Dr. Alan Baddeley describes seems to be working memory. If you want to multiply 28 x 3 in the head, you should use short-term memory to do the calculations, then, if they were big enough, make the answer to your long term memory. The short-term memory is, in effect, a temporary storage device.

When you read a sentence, is your short-term memory, which retains the words in a sentence long enough to sense the whole sentence. Then, it is important, not the individual words that are transferred to your long-term memory. In the long-term memory is a system of permanent storage, which can be done to remember.

The short-term memory seems to analyze the long-term memory seems to be synthesized. Interestingly, the design work has been devoted to the production of computers has recognized this distinction.

The computer has been divided into working memory - Random Access Memory (RAM), which is part of the processing and computing and storage space called the read (ROM). If you turn off your computer's RAM contents disappear, just as a short-term memory seem to be.

They should be stored on a disk or tape (or incorporated as a permanent ROM chip) when stored permanently.

How short is short?

There have been some interesting experiments designed to evaluate the time horizon of short-term memory. If you take a glow stick from a fire and turn quickly in the dark, it would seem

produce a circle filled with light. This is because the sensory memory - a specialized part of your short memory - retains the image of the light long enough for the real light to return to its starting point on the circle.

Similarly, a film is a series of still images with very short dark periods in between. To view the film as a continuous action, keep the image the last image in its short-term memory until the appearance in the table below, and link them together so as to produce an impression of continuous movement.

The time sensors of this type of short-term memory is likely to be about 1 / 10 sec. The period of short-term memory is working memory - to calculate or read - it is some debate. Baddeley conducted experiments on the way were the words of memory. He said the number of long words were recalled less well than the number of short words, probably because people

In order to recall the list, were sub-vocalization of words, ie, listening to the words `ear their minds."

Obviously, the longer term, the longer it took to sub-articulate them, and subjects could not recall as much as they could say in 15 seconds. As might be predicted by theory, fast talkers could

remember!

Waugh and Norman researchers wrote in the `Psychological Review," confirmed in 1965 that the number of independent tracks, a person can remember after a single presentation rarely exceeds 10 - on

the same number can be spoken or heard in the ear of your mind in 15 seconds.

It is also the auditory and visual short-term memory, and found that reading aloud is helpful because it helped to register (tag), the material in the short-term store as well as auditory short-term visual store.

This is important because other researchers have found that the testing process involved in the sub-vocalization, is essential for the transfer of information from short-term memory and long term. Unless something is repeated, it loses the short-term memory, and do not enter the long-term memory.

Other researchers also calculate a short-term memory of about 15 seconds in duration. Carroll (1966) takes this work simultaneous translators who have to keep a phrase or phrases in their short-term memory and bring with only the briefest of delays. The same indication (of a duration of 15 seconds) is implicit in the ability of clerks to take 10-15 seconds worth of proof before printing.

READ MORE - The Basis Of Memory Part 1